📅 Biblical Eras

• Primeval History

  Creation – c. 2100 BC

  The primeval history in the opening chapters of Genesis spans from God's creation of the world to the dispersion of nations around 2100 BC. It presents the Creator establishing a good and ordered cosmos that humanity's fall into sin quickly corrupts, introducing death and alienation as enduring realities. The accounts of the flood and the tower of Babel highlight God's judgment on increasing wickedness alongside his grace in preserving life and pointing forward to the redemptive plan that begins to unfold with the call of Abraham.

• Patriarchs

  c. 2100 – 1800 BC

  During this formative era, the Lord summons Abraham out of Ur of the Chaldees to forge a covenant that promises a land, a multitude of descendants, and blessing extending to all families of the earth. Through the lives of Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph, the narrative unfolds with divine interventions amid famine, deception, and betrayal, revealing God's sovereign providence in preserving the family line. These events lay the essential groundwork for the nation of Israel and the unfolding plan of redemption, as the patriarchs' faith is tested and ultimately vindicated in their settlement within Egypt.

• Exodus & Conquest

  c. 1446 – 1375 BC

  In this era the Lord delivers Israel from slavery in Egypt through Moses, displaying His power in the plagues and the crossing of the Red Sea before revealing His law at Sinai and instituting the tabernacle worship. After years of wilderness wandering due to disobedience, a faithful generation follows Joshua across the Jordan to conquer and settle Canaan. These events establish the nation under the covenant, fulfill the promises made to Abraham, and set forth the pattern of divine redemption from bondage into inheritance.

• Judges Period

  c. 1375 – 1050 BC

  Following the settlement in Canaan after Joshua, Israel entered a time of spiritual decline where the absence of a king led each person to follow their own ways, resulting in cycles of idolatry, foreign oppression, and cries for help that God answered by raising deliverers. Figures such as Deborah, Gideon, and Samson brought temporary relief and victories that preserved the nation, while the story of Ruth reveals quiet faithfulness preserving the line toward future kingship amid the surrounding turmoil. The account in First Samuel shows this era closing with Samuel's leadership, underscoring God's patient covenant mercy and the growing need for a stable monarchy to guide His people.

• United Kingdom

  c. 1050 – 930 BC

  This period marks Israel's transition to monarchy under Saul, David, and Solomon, fulfilling the desire for a king while advancing God's purposes. David establishes Jerusalem as the capital and is granted the covenant of an eternal dynasty central to the redemptive hope. Solomon builds the temple amid great prosperity, but his idolatry foreshadows the coming division and highlights the need for a faithful ruler in the line of promise.

• Divided Kingdom

  c. 930 – 586 BC

  Following the death of Solomon, the united kingdom divided into the northern tribes of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah, a fracture born from the people's rejection of wise governance and their turn toward idolatry. Throughout this era, successive kings largely forsook the covenant, prompting the Lord to raise up prophets who denounced sin and called for repentance while unveiling divine purposes amid impending judgment. The northern kingdom succumbed to Assyrian conquest, yet Judah's endurance allowed for moments of revival before its own fall to Babylon, underscoring God's sovereign hand in preserving a remnant through whom redemption would ultimately unfold.

• Exile & Return

  586 – 400 BC

  Following the destruction of Jerusalem, the people of Judah endured seventy years of exile in Babylon as judgment for their unfaithfulness, yet God preserved a remnant through figures like Daniel and Esther who remained faithful amid pagan empires. This period highlighted the Lord's sovereignty over the nations and his faithfulness to the covenant promises. Under Persian authority, a portion of the exiles returned to rebuild the temple and Jerusalem's walls, with prophets such as Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi urging renewed devotion and pointing toward future restoration in God's redemptive purposes.

• Intertestamental Period

  c. 400 BC – 5 BC

  In the four centuries after the final Old Testament prophets, no further inspired writings appeared, yet the Lord continued directing events according to His redemptive plan. Greek culture permeated the Mediterranean through Alexander's conquests, the Roman Empire rose to provide political unity and infrastructure, and the Hebrew Scriptures were rendered into Greek as the Septuagint while synagogues took root among the scattered people of Israel. These developments, along with the growing expectation in Judea, set the precise conditions for the Messiah's birth and the subsequent proclamation of the Gospel throughout the world.

• Life of Christ

  c. 5 BC – AD 33

  God becomes flesh in Jesus of Nazareth. Born in Bethlehem, raised in Galilee, Jesus teaches, heals, and proclaims the Kingdom of God. He is crucified under Pontius Pilate, rises from the dead on the third day, and ascends to heaven, commissioning his followers to make disciples of all nations.

• Early Church

  c. AD 30 – 100

  Following Christ's ascension the Holy Spirit falls upon the disciples at Pentecost, empowering them to proclaim the gospel and forming the church as God's new covenant people. This community expands from Jerusalem throughout the empire by the missionary work of the apostles, who write letters to guide believers in sound doctrine and godly practice amid opposition. On Patmos the apostle John is granted the Revelation, revealing Christ's sovereign triumph and the hope of the age to come.