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Samuel

Portrait of Samuel

Samuel served as Israel's final judge and a major prophet during the transition from tribal leadership under the judges to a centralized monarchy. At God's instruction he anointed Saul as the first king, yet later confronted Saul's disobedience and anointed the shepherd David in his place, establishing the Davidic dynasty. These events underscore Scripture's emphasis on covenant faithfulness, the consequences of rejecting divine rule, and the preparation for the promised Messiah from David's line.

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Biography

Born
c. 1105 BC, Ramah
Died
c. 1020 BC, Ramah
Occupation
Prophet, Judge, Priest
Tribe
Levi (Ephraim by residence)
Father
Elkanah
Mother
Hannah
Children
Joel, Abijah
Era
United Kingdom
Nationality
Israelite

Family

Parents
โ†“
Samuel
โ†“
Children
Joel, Abijah
Old Testament United Kingdom Prophet Priest Judge 1 Samuel

Did You Know?

1

Samuel is one of the few biblical figures whose birth narrative includes a specific song of praise by his mother Hannah, which shares striking linguistic parallels with the Magnificat of Mary in the New Testament.

2

Though genealogies confirm Samuel belonged to the Kohathite Levites, he performed priestly sacrifices at various altars outside Shiloh because Eli's sons had corrupted the central sanctuary, illustrating a pragmatic shift in worship practices during the late judges period.

3

Samuel organized formal companies of prophets at Ramah, Naioth, Bethel, and Gilgal that trained disciples in music, ecstatic utterance, and Torah study, creating institutional structures later used by Elijah and Elisha.

4

The spirit of Samuel summoned by the medium at Endor appeared wearing his distinctive mantle, the same garment he had used decades earlier to signal the tearing away of Saul's kingdom when David secretly cut its hem in the cave of En Gedi.

5

Jewish tradition in the Talmud ranks Samuel with Moses and Aaron, citing Psalm 99 where all three are named together as intercessors who called on the Lord and were answered, underscoring his status as the final bridge between the theocratic and monarchic eras.

Key Passages

God Calls Samuel

1 Samuel 3:1-21

A child hears God's voice in the night and learns to respond 'Speak, Lord, your servant is listening' - establishing the posture of receptivity that characterizes true prophets.

A1nd the child Samuel ministered unto the LORD before Eli. And the word of the LORD was precious in those days; there was no open vision.

2 And it came to pass at that time, when Eli was laid down in his place, and his eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see; 3 And ere the lamp of God went out in the temple of the LORD, where the ark of God was, and Samuel was laid down to sleep; 4 That the LORD called Samuel: and he answered, Here am I. 5 And he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me. And he said, I called not; lie down again. And he went and lay down. 6 And the LORD called yet again, Samuel. And Samuel arose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. And he answered, I called not, my son; lie down again. 7 Now Samuel did not yet know the LORD, neither was the word of the LORD yet revealed unto him. 8 And the LORD called Samuel again the third time. And he arose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. And Eli perceived that the LORD had called the child. 9 Therefore Eli said unto Samuel, Go, lie down: and it shall be, if he call thee, that thou shalt say, Speak, LORD; for thy servant heareth. So Samuel went and lay down in his place. 10 And the LORD came, and stood, and called as at other times, Samuel, Samuel. Then Samuel answered, Speak; for thy servant heareth. 11 And the LORD said to Samuel, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle. 12 In that day I will perform against Eli all things which I have spoken concerning his house: when I begin, I will also make an end. 13 For I have told him that I will judge his house for ever for the iniquity which he knoweth; because his sons made themselves vile, and he restrained them not. 14 And therefore I have sworn unto the house of Eli, that the iniquity of Eliโ€™s house shall not be purged with sacrifice nor offering for ever. 15 And Samuel lay until the morning, and opened the doors of the house of the LORD. And Samuel feared to shew Eli the vision. 16 Then Eli called Samuel, and said, Samuel, my son. And he answered, Here am I. 17 And he said, What is the thing that the LORD hath said unto thee? I pray thee hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things that he said unto thee. 18 And Samuel told him every whit, and hid nothing from him. And he said, It is the LORD: let him do what seemeth him good. 19 And Samuel grew, and the LORD was with him, and did let none of his words fall to the ground. 20 And all Israel from Dan even to Beersheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the LORD. 21 And the LORD appeared again in Shiloh: for the LORD revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the LORD.

Read full chapter: 1 Samuel 3 โ†’

Anointing of Saul

1 Samuel 10:1-8

Samuel anoints Israel's first king, marking the transition from theocracy to monarchy. This moment fulfills the people's demand but also begins a cautionary tale about human kingship.

T1hen Samuel took a vial of oil, and poured it upon his head, and kissed him, and said, Is it not because the LORD hath anointed thee to be captain over his inheritance?

2 When thou art departed from me to day, then thou shalt find two men by Rachelโ€™s sepulchre in the border of Benjamin at Zelzah; and they will say unto thee, The asses which thou wentest to seek are found: and, lo, thy father hath left the care of the asses, and sorroweth for you, saying, What shall I do for my son? 3 Then shalt thou go on forward from thence, and thou shalt come to the plain of Tabor, and there shall meet thee three men going up to God to Bethel, one carrying three kids, and another carrying three loaves of bread, and another carrying a bottle of wine: 4 And they will salute thee, and give thee two loaves of bread; which thou shalt receive of their hands. 5 After that thou shalt come to the hill of God, where is the garrison of the Philistines: and it shall come to pass, when thou art come thither to the city, that thou shalt meet a company of prophets coming down from the high place with a psaltery, and a tabret, and a pipe, and a harp, before them; and they shall prophesy: 6 And the Spirit of the LORD will come upon thee, and thou shalt prophesy with them, and shalt be turned into another man. 7 And let it be, when these signs are come unto thee, that thou do as occasion serve thee; for God is with thee. 8 And thou shalt go down before me to Gilgal; and, behold, I will come down unto thee, to offer burnt offerings, and to sacrifice sacrifices of peace offerings: seven days shalt thou tarry, till I come to thee, and shew thee what thou shalt do.

Read full chapter: 1 Samuel 10 โ†’

Anointing of David

1 Samuel 16:1-13

Samuel learns that God rejects outward appearance as the criterion for leadership, choosing instead the youngest son whose heart is aligned with God's own.

A1nd the LORD said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? fill thine horn with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Bethlehemite: for I have provided me a king among his sons.

2 And Samuel said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me. And the LORD said, Take an heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to the LORD. 3 And call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will shew thee what thou shalt do: and thou shalt anoint unto me him whom I name unto thee. 4 And Samuel did that which the LORD spake, and came to Bethlehem. And the elders of the town trembled at his coming, and said, Comest thou peaceably? 5 And he said, Peaceably: I am come to sacrifice unto the LORD: sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice. And he sanctified Jesse and his sons, and called them to the sacrifice. 6 And it came to pass, when they were come, that he looked on Eliab, and said, Surely the LORDโ€™s anointed is before him. 7 But the LORD said unto Samuel, Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; because I have refused him: for the LORD seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart. 8 Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this. 9 Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this. 10 Again, Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. And Samuel said unto Jesse, The LORD hath not chosen these. 11 And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him: for we will not sit down till he come hither. 12 And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him: for this is he. 13 Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brethren: and the Spirit of the LORD came upon David from that day forward. So Samuel rose up, and went to Ramah.

Read full chapter: 1 Samuel 16 โ†’