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David

Portrait of David

David began his life as a humble shepherd boy in Bethlehem before being anointed by the prophet Samuel to succeed King Saul as ruler of Israel. Despite facing numerous trials, including his confrontation with the giant Goliath and persecution by Saul, he demonstrated unwavering faith in God, earning the description of a man after God's own heart. As Israel's greatest king, David expanded the nation's territory, established Jerusalem as its capital, and authored many of the Psalms that express deep worship, repentance, and trust in God. His life and writings hold profound significance in Scripture as they foreshadow the coming Messiah from his lineage and illustrate the importance of genuine devotion over outward perfection.

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Videos from BibleProject

2 Samuel Overview

David becomes king of Israel but his failures reveal the need for a greater king.

Psalms Overview

David's psalms teach us how to pray through every season of life.

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Commentary

Covenants: God's Unbreakable Promises

God promised David that one of his descendants would rule forever.

Anxiety: God Is Not Frustrated With You

David wrote entire psalms pouring out his anxious heart to God.

When God Is Silent

David cried out 'How long, Lord? Will you forget me forever?'

Commentary by Bible Navigator.

This commentary is for inspirational and educational purposes only. It is not professional counseling, therapy, medical advice, or a substitute for professional help. If you are in crisis or need support, please reach out to a licensed professional or call 988 (Suicide & Crisis Lifeline).

Biography

Born
c. 1040 BC, Bethlehem
Died
c. 970 BC, Jerusalem
Age
~70 years
Occupation
Shepherd, King, Psalmist
Tribe
Judah
Father
Jesse
Spouse
Michal, Abigail, Bathsheba, and others
Children
Solomon, Absalom, Amnon, Tamar, and others
Era
United Kingdom (c. 1010-970 BC)
Nationality
Israelite

Family

Parents
Jesse
โ†“
David โšญ Michal Abigail Bathsheba
โ†“
Children
Solomon, Absalom, Amnon, Tamar, and others
Old Testament United Kingdom King 1 Samuel

Did You Know?

1

While fleeing Saul, David sought refuge among the Philistines and feigned madness before King Achish of Gath by scribbling on the city gates and letting saliva run down his beard, successfully avoiding recognition.

2

David purchased Araunah the Jebusite's threshing floor for fifty shekels of silver after the plague halted, establishing the exact site that later became the Temple Mount under Solomon.

3

Jonathan sealed his covenant with David by giving him his royal robe, armor, sword, bow, and belt, ritually transferring symbols of kingship despite being Saul's heir.

4

David twice spared Saul's life in the wilderness, once cutting off a piece of his robe in the En Gedi cave and later removing his spear and water jug while he slept, demonstrating restraint amid pursuit.

5

In old age David could not keep warm even under heavy blankets, prompting his officials to bring the young Shunammite Abishag to lie beside him as a human heat source without becoming his wife.

Key Passages

Anointed by Samuel

1 Samuel 16:1-13

God chooses the youngest, overlooked shepherd boy as king, declaring 'the Lord looks at the heart.' This establishes that God's criteria for leadership differ radically from the world's.

A1nd the LORD said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? fill thine horn with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Bethlehemite: for I have provided me a king among his sons.

2 And Samuel said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me. And the LORD said, Take an heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to the LORD. 3 And call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will shew thee what thou shalt do: and thou shalt anoint unto me him whom I name unto thee. 4 And Samuel did that which the LORD spake, and came to Bethlehem. And the elders of the town trembled at his coming, and said, Comest thou peaceably? 5 And he said, Peaceably: I am come to sacrifice unto the LORD: sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice. And he sanctified Jesse and his sons, and called them to the sacrifice. 6 And it came to pass, when they were come, that he looked on Eliab, and said, Surely the LORDโ€™s anointed is before him. 7 But the LORD said unto Samuel, Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; because I have refused him: for the LORD seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart. 8 Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this. 9 Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this. 10 Again, Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. And Samuel said unto Jesse, The LORD hath not chosen these. 11 And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him: for we will not sit down till he come hither. 12 And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him: for this is he. 13 Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brethren: and the Spirit of the LORD came upon David from that day forward. So Samuel rose up, and went to Ramah.

Read full chapter: 1 Samuel 16 โ†’

David and Goliath

1 Samuel 17:40-51

A young shepherd defeats a giant warrior with nothing but a sling and faith in God. This story demonstrates that God's power works through human weakness and that true courage comes from trusting Him.

A40nd he took his staff in his hand, and chose him five smooth stones out of the brook, and put them in a shepherdโ€™s bag which he had, even in a scrip; and his sling was in his hand: and he drew near to the Philistine.

41 And the Philistine came on and drew near unto David; and the man that bare the shield went before him. 42 And when the Philistine looked about, and saw David, he disdained him: for he was but a youth, and ruddy, and of a fair countenance. 43 And the Philistine said unto David, Am I a dog, that thou comest to me with staves? And the Philistine cursed David by his gods. 44 And the Philistine said to David, Come to me, and I will give thy flesh unto the fowls of the air, and to the beasts of the field. 45 Then said David to the Philistine, Thou comest to me with a sword, and with a spear, and with a shield: but I come to thee in the name of the LORD of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom thou hast defied. 46 This day will the LORD deliver thee into mine hand; and I will smite thee, and take thine head from thee; and I will give the carcases of the host of the Philistines this day unto the fowls of the air, and to the wild beasts of the earth; that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel. 47 And all this assembly shall know that the LORD saveth not with sword and spear: for the battle is the LORDโ€™s, and he will give you into our hands. 48 And it came to pass, when the Philistine arose, and came, and drew nigh to meet David, that David hastened, and ran toward the army to meet the Philistine. 49 And David put his hand in his bag, and took thence a stone, and slang it, and smote the Philistine in his forehead, that the stone sunk into his forehead; and he fell upon his face to the earth. 50 So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone, and smote the Philistine, and slew him; but there was no sword in the hand of David. 51 Therefore David ran, and stood upon the Philistine, and took his sword, and drew it out of the sheath thereof, and slew him, and cut off his head therewith. And when the Philistines saw their champion was dead, they fled.

Read full chapter: 1 Samuel 17 โ†’

Becomes King

2 Samuel 5:1-12

After years of running and waiting, David finally receives the throne God promised - demonstrating that God's timing, though often slow, is always faithful.

T1hen came all the tribes of Israel to David unto Hebron, and spake, saying, Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh.

2 Also in time past, when Saul was king over us, thou wast he that leddest out and broughtest in Israel: and the LORD said to thee, Thou shalt feed my people Israel, and thou shalt be a captain over Israel. 3 So all the elders of Israel came to the king to Hebron; and king David made a league with them in Hebron before the LORD: and they anointed David king over Israel. 4 David was thirty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years. 5 In Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months: and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty and three years over all Israel and Judah. 6 And the king and his men went to Jerusalem unto the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land: which spake unto David, saying, Except thou take away the blind and the lame, thou shalt not come in hither: thinking, David cannot come in hither. 7 Nevertheless David took the strong hold of Zion: the same is the city of David. 8 And David said on that day, Whosoever getteth up to the gutter, and smiteth the Jebusites, and the lame and the blind, that are hated of Davidโ€™s soul, he shall be chief and captain. Wherefore they said, The blind and the lame shall not come into the house. 9 So David dwelt in the fort, and called it the city of David. And David built round about from Millo and inward. 10 And David went on, and grew great, and the LORD God of hosts was with him. 11 And Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, and carpenters, and masons: and they built David an house. 12 And David perceived that the LORD had established him king over Israel, and that he had exalted his kingdom for his people Israelโ€™s sake.

Read full chapter: 2 Samuel 5 โ†’

The Shepherd Psalm

Psalms 23:1-6

David's most beloved poem draws on his own experience as a shepherd to portray God's intimate, personal care. Psalm 23 has comforted more believers in suffering than perhaps any other passage.

T1he LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want.

2 He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters. 3 He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his nameโ€™s sake. 4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. 5 Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over. 6 Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the LORD for ever.

Read full chapter: Psalms 23 โ†’